Table of reference
Articles
Bin Cheng, 'International Responsibility and Liability for Launch Activities', (1995), 20, Air and Space Law, Issue 6, pp. 297-310, https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/Air+and+Space+Law/20.6/AILA1995041. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/aila1995041.
Christol, Carl Q. "Article 2 of the 1967 principles treaty revisited." Annals of Air and Space Law 9 (1984): 217-44.
Dennerley, Joel A. “State Liability for Space Object Collisions: The Proper Interpretation of ‘fault’ for the Purposes of International Space Law.” European Journal of International Law 29 (1), 2018: 281–301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chy003.
De Zwart, Melissa, Stacey Henderson, and Michelle Neumann. “Space Resource Activities and the Evolution of International Space Law.” Acta Astronautica 211 (October 1, 2023): 155–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.06.009
Fasan, Ernst (1998). "Asteroids and other celestial bodies - some legal differences." Journal of Space Law, 26(1), Spring 1998: 33-40.
Freeland, Steven. “The Limits of Law: Challenges to the Global Governance of Space Activities.” Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 153, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 70–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/p.361903
Gorove, Stephen, “Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty.” Fordham Law Review 37, no. 3 (January 1, 1969): 349-354. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1966&context=flr.
Hasin, Gershon. “From ‘Space Law to ‘Space Governance: A Policy-Oriented Perspective on International Law and Outer Space Activities”. Harvard International Law Journal 64, no.2 (Spring 2023). https://journals.law.harvard.edu/ilj/wp-content/uploads/sites/84/HLI205_crop-4.pdf
Jakhu, Ram S. and Yaw Otu Mankata Nyampong. “Some Legal Aspects of Space Natural Resources.” European Journal of Law Reform 18, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 86–104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5553/ejlr/138723702016018001006
Larsen, Paul B. “Is There a Legal Path to Commercial Mining on the Moon?” University of Pittsburgh Law Review 83, no. 1 (October 6, 2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/lawreview.2021.821
Pershing, Abigail D. “Interpreting the Outer Space Treaty’s Non-Appropriation Principle: Customary International Law from 1967 to Today.” Yale Journal of International Law 44, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 149–78. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13051/6733.
Radi, Yannick, “Space Mining in Practice: An International Law Perspective on Upcoming Challenges”, ESIL Reflections 13, No 8 (May 6, 2024): 2-3. https://esil-sedi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Radi-Vol.13-Issue-8_final.pdf
Ram S. Jakhu and Yaw Otu Mankata Nyampong, “Some Legal Aspects of Space Natural Resources,” European Journal of Law Reform 18, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 86–104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5553/ejlr/138723702016018001006
Tronchetti, Fabio. “The Non–Appropriation Principle as a Structural Norm of International Law: A New Way of Interpreting Article II of the Outer Space Treaty.” Air & Space Law 33, no. Issue 3 (June 1, 2008): 277–305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54648/aila2008021
Tronchetti, Fabio and Hao Liu. “The White House Executive Order on the Recovery and Use of Space Resources: Pushing the Boundaries of International Space Law?” Space Policy 57 (August 1, 2021): 101448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2021.101448
Nelson, Jack Wright, “The Artemis Accords and the Future of International Space Law”, Insights; the American Society of International Law, 24, no 31, (December 10, 2020. https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/24/issue/31/artemis-accords-and-future-international-space-law
Books and Chapters
Baumann, Ingo and Erik Pellander. “Ensuring space sustainability through national legislation”. In Routledge Handbook of Commercial Space Law, ed. Lesley J Smith, Ingo Baumann, Susan-Gale Wintermuth, 533-546. Abingdon: Routledge, 2023.
De Man, Phillip. “The exploitation of natural resources in outer space”. In Outer Space Law: Legal Policy and Practice, 2nd ed. Edited by Yanal Abul Failat and Anél Ferreira-Snyman, 199-218. Surrey, UK: Globe Law and Business Ltd, 2022.
Dinniss, Heather A. H. “Cyber operations in outer space”. In Outer Space Law: Legal Policy and Practice, 2nd ed. Edited by Yanal Abul Failat and Anél Ferreira-Snyman, 461-474. Surrey, UK: Globe Law and Business Ltd, 2022.
Erlank, Wian. “Property and ownership in outer space”. In Outer Space Law: Legal Policy and Practice, 2nd ed. Edited by Yanal Abul Failat and Anél Ferreira-Snyman, 55-94. Surrey, UK: Globe Law and Business Ltd, 2022.
Freeland, Steven and Ram Jakhu, “Article II”. In Cologne Commentary on Space Law, volume 1, edited by Hobe, Stephan, Schmidt-Tedd, Bernhard and Kai-Uwe Schrogl, 44-63. Köln: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2009.
Gerhard, Michael, “Article VI”. In Cologne Commentary on Space Law, volume 1, edited by Hobe, Stephan, Schmidt-Tedd, Bernhard and Kai-Uwe Schrogl, 103-125. Köln: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2009.
Hobe, Stephan and Kuan-wei Chen, “Legal status of outer space and celestial bodies”. In Routledge Handbook of Space Law, edited by Ram S. Jakhu and Paul Stephen Dempsey, 25-41. New York: Routledge, 2017.
Hobe, Stephan., ed. Space Law. Baden-Baden: Nomos Hart Publishing, 2019.
Jankowitsch, Peter. “The background and history of space law”. In.Handbook of Space Law, edited by Frans von der Dunk and Fabio Tronchetti, 1-26. Northhampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
Jakhu, Ram S., Pelton, Joseph N. and Yaw Otu Mankata Nyampong. Space Mining and Its Regulation. New York: Springer, 2017.
Kerrest, Armel and Lesley Jane Smith, “Article VII”. In Cologne Commentary on Space Law, volume 1, edited by Hobe, Stephan, Schmidt-Tedd, Bernhard and Kai-Uwe Schrogl, 126-144. Köln: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2009.
Lachs, Manfred. The Law of Outer Space: An Experience in Contemporary Law-Making. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010.
Lyall, Francis and Paul B. Larsen. Space Law: A Treatise. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2018.
Marboe, Irmgard. “National Space Law”. In. Handbook of Space Law, edited by Frans von der Dunk and Fabio Tronchetti, 127-184. Northhampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
Masson-Zwaan, Tanja and Mark J. Sundahl. “National and international norms towards the governance of commercial resource activity”. In Routledge Handbook of Commercial Space Law, edited by Jane Lesley Smith, Ingo Baumann and Sausan-Gale Wintermuth, 385-402. Abingdon: Routledge, 2024.
Reynolds, Glenn. H and Robert. P Merges, Outer space: Problems of Law and Policy. New York: Routledge, 2019.
Ribbelink, Olivier “Article III”. In Cologne Commentary on Space Law, volume 1, edited by Hobe, Stephan, Schmidt-Tedd, Bernhard and Kai-Uwe Schrogl, 64-69. Köln: Carl Heymanns Verlag, 2009.
Steer, Cassandra. “Sources and law-making processes relating to space activities”. In Routledge Handbook of Space Law, edited by Ram S. Jakhu and Paul Stephen Dempsey, 3-24. New York: Routledge, 2016.
Tronchetti, Fabio, “Legal aspects of space resource utilization”. In. Handbook of Space Law, edited by Frans von der Dunk and Fabio Tronchetti, 739-813. Northhampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
Tronchetti, Fabio. The Exploitation of Natural Resources of the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies: A Proposal for a Legal Regime. Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2009
Viikari, Lotta. “Environmental aspects of space activities”. In Handbook of Space Law, edited by Frans von der Dunk and Fabio Tronchetti, 717-768. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
von der Dunk, Frans. “International Space Law” In. Handbook of Space Law, edited by Frans von der Dunk and Fabio Tronchetti, 29-126. Northhampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
Doctoral dissertations
Metcalf, Katrin Nyman. Activities in space, appropriation or use? Vol. 75. Uppsala: Iustus; 1999.
O’Donnell, Scarlet. International Responsibility for Activities in Outer Space in the Modern Space Age : Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty in the Context of International Space Law and Public International Law. Lund: Lund University, Faculty of Law, 2023.
E-books
Byers, Michael and Aaron Boley, Who Owns Outer Space?. Cambridge University Press, 2023. DOI: https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1017/9781108597135.
Crawford, James. Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law. Oxford University Press eBooks, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198737445.001.0001
De Man, Phillip, Exclusive Use in an Inclusive Environment: The Meaning of the Non-Appropriation Principle for Space Resource Exploitation. Springer-E-Books, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38752-9.
Dörr, Oliver and Kirsten Schmalenbach, eds. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: A Commentary. Springer E-Books, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55160-8.
Fellmeth, Aaron X. and Maurice Horwitz. Guide to Latin in International Law. Oxford University Press eBooks, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780197583104.001.0001.
Miller, Zach, “Space Settlement and the Celestial Subjectivity Model: Shifting Our Legal Perspective of the Universe”. In A Fresh View on the Outer Space Treaty. In A Fresh View on the Outer Space Treaty, edited by Annette Froelich, 59-66. Springer E-Books, 2018.
Ollino, Alice. Due Diligence Obligations in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009053082
Sivolella, Davide. Space Mining and Manufacturing: Off-World Resources and Revolutionary Engineering Techniques. Cham: Springer Nature E-Books, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30881-0.
International legal sources
Treaties and agreements
The Antarctic Treaty, 402 UNTS 71, adopted December 1, 1959, entered into force June 6 1961
The Artemis Accords - Principles For Cooperation In The Civil Exploration And Use Of The Moon, Mars, Comets, And Asteroids For Peaceful Purposes, 13 October 2020.
ICJ Statutes. Statute of the International Court of Justice (33 UNTS 933), 26 June 1945.
Liability Convention [LC]. Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (961 UNTS 187), opened for signature at London, Moscow and Washington 29 March 1972. Entered into force in September 1972.
Moon Agreement [MA]. Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, adopted by the General Assembly of the UN 5 December 1979. Entered into force in July 1984.
Registration Convention. Convention on Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space, adopted by the General Assembly of the UN 12 November 1974. Entered into force 15 September 1976.
Rescue and Return Agreement. Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space, adopted by the General Assembly of the UN 19 December 1967. Entered into force in December 1968.
Outer Space Treaty [OST]. Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Signed at Washington, London and Moscow 27 January 1967. Entered into force 10 October 1967.
UNCLOS. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay, 10 December 1982. Entered into force 16 November 1994.
VCLT. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Vienna, 23 May 1969. Entered into force 27 January 1980.
Case law
International Court of Justice
Case Concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening), Judgment, September 11, 1992, I.C.J. Reports 1992, General List No. 75.
Case Concerning the Territorial Dispute (Libya/Chad), Judgment of February 3 1994, International Court of Justice, General List No. 83.
Corfu Channel case, Judgment of April 9th, 1949: General List No. I.
Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Judgment of July 13 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 213.
Legal Status of Eastern Greenland, Judgment of April 5 1933, General List No. 43.
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Germany/Denmark; Germany/Netherlands, Judgment of February 20 1969, International Court of Justice, General List No. 51 & 52. Dissenting opinion of Judge Lachs.
District Court of Nevada, United States
Nemitz v. United States. Not Reported in F.Supp.2d, 2004 WL 3167042. District Court of Nevada, 2004.
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UN Documents
The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space [UNCOPOUS] Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resources. On its background, see paper submitted by the Chair and Vice-Chair of the Working Group February 6, 2023. A/AC.105/C.1/2023/CRP.16.
Contribution of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg on the Mandate and Purpose of the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities, 16 December 2022. https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/lsc/space-resources/LSC2023/StatesResponses/Luxembourg_-_20221216_WG_SR_LU_Contribution.pdf
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National/domestic legal sources
Japan. Act No. 83 of December 23, 2021 on the Promotion of Business Activities for the Exploration and Development of Space Resources
Luxembourg. Loi du 20 juillet 2017 sur l’exploration et l’utilisation des ressources de l’espace. Act 20 July 2017.
United States. U.S Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, Public Law 114-90–NOV. 25, 2015.
United Arab Emirates. Federal Law No. (12) of 2019 on the Regulation of the Space Sector.