Bibliography
578/2024

Bibliography

Primary sources

Conventions

  1. UN General Assembly, Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Montego Bay, 10 December 1982, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1833, No. 31 363. Available on: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201 833/volume-1833-A-31 363-English.pdf.

  2. United Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCTL). Vienna, 23 May 1969, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331. Available on: https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf.

Legislation

  1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1487. “On approval of the Rules of navigation in the waters of the Northern Sea Route”, dated 18 September 2020, as amended 1 September 2023. Available on: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_362 718/6801bb4b205f6a33dee02 718 211e57d1b8d3aaf5/#dst100 008.

  2. Explanatory note to the draft federal law “On the introduction of changes in some legal acts of the Russian Federation in the area of state regulations of commercial shipping in the water areas of the Northern Sea Route.” Available on: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgireq=doc&base=PRJ&n=90 009&dst=100 001#mT1scwTxe8FUszi1.

  3. FL No. 155-FZ. “On Internal Waters, Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone of the Russian Federation”, dated 31 July 1998, as amended 5 December 2022. Available on: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_19 643/.

  4. FL No. 191-FZ. "On the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Russian Federation", dated 17 December 1998. Available on: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_21 357/.

  5. FL No. 81-FZ. “Merchant Shipping Code of the Russian Federation", dated 30 April 1999, as amended 21 April 2023. Available on: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_22 916/6082a63e586c9895cba9c7b98c7541a106d93efd/.

  6. Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 15 January 1985. Available on:https://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/RUS_1985_Declaration.pdf.

  7. Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 7 February 1984. Available on:https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/RUS_1984_Declaration.pdf.

  8. USSR Law. “On the State Border of the USSR”, dated 24 November 1982, Gazette of the USSR Armed Forces, No. 48. Available on: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgireq=doc&base=ESU&n=1534#HZ3MkwTCmRDymqCw.

Case law

  1. Kingdom of the Netherlands v. Russian Federation (Arctic Sunrise Arbitration). Permanent Court of Arbitration, Award in Case No. 2014–02, 10 July 2017.

  2. Mauritius v. United Kingdom (Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration). Permanent Court of Arbitration, Award in Case No. 2011–03, 18 March 2015.

  3. The Republic of Philippines v. The People's Republic of China (South China Sea Arbitration). Permanent Court of Arbitration, Award in Case No. 2013–19, 12 July 2016.

  4. United Kingdom v. Norway (Fisheries case), Merits, International Court of Justice Judgment, ICJ Rep 116, ICGJ 196, 18th December 1951.

UN Memorandums

  1. United Nations. Historic Bays: Memorandum by the Secretariat of the United Nations (Doc: A/CONF.13/1). Geneva, Switzerland 24 February to 27 April 1958, Extract from the Official Records of the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Volume I (Preparatory Documents). Available on: https://legal.un.org/diplomaticconferences/1958_los/docs/english/vol_1/a_conf13_1.pdf.

  2. United Nations. Juridical Regime of Historic waters including historic bays – Study prepared by the Secretariat (Doc: A/CN.4/143). 9 March 1962, Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1962, vol. II. Available on: https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_143.pdf.

Secondary sources

Books

  1. Andreone, Gemma. “The Exclusive Economic Zone.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea, pp. 159-180. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

  2. Beckman, Robert. “UNCLOS Dispute Settlement Regime and Arctic Legal Issues.” In Challenges of the Changing Arctic, pp. 571-592. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2016. Accessed September 30, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/9 789 004 314 252_026.

  3. Blum, Yehuda Z. “The Gulf of Sidra Incident.” In Will “Justice” Bring Peace?, pp. 379-391. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2016. Accessed November 25, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/9 789 004 233 959_025.

  4. Blum, Yehuda Z. “The Requirements for the Formation of an Historic Title and Its Constituent Elements.” In Historic Titles in International Law, pp. 99–192. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1965. Accessed November 8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-0699-1_4.

  5. Bouchez, Leo. J. The regime of bays in international law. Leyden: A. W. Sythoff, 1963.

  6. Brubaker, R. Douglas. “Regulation of Navigation and Vessel-Source Pollution in the Northern Sea Route: Article 234 and State Practice.” In Protecting the Polar Marine Environment: Law and Policy for Pollution Prevention, pp. 221-243. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Accessed October 13, 2023. doi:10.1017/CBO9 780 511 494 635.012.

  7. Brubaker, R. Douglas. The Russian Arctic Straits. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2005. Accessed September 26, 2023. https://search-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.uio.no/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=173 750&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

  8. De. Mestral, Armand. “Article 234 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Its Origins and Its Future.” In International Law and Politics of the Arctic Ocean, pp. 109-124. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2015. Accessed September 17, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/9 789 004 284 593_006.

  9. H. Nordquist, Myron., Nandan, Satya N., and Kraska, James., eds. UNCLOS 1982 Commentary. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2012. Accessed October 2, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/9 789 004 215 627.

  10. Jacobsson, Måns. “What Challenges Lie Ahead for Maritime Law?” In Maritime Law in Motion, pp. 257-287. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. Accessed September 12, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31 749-2_13.

  11. Jayakumar, S., Koh, Tommy., Beckman, Robert., Davenport, Tara., and Phan, Hao Duy. “The South China Sea Arbitration: laying the groundwork.” In The South China Sea Arbitration, pp. 1-17. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018. Accessed November 7, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.4337/9 781 788 116 275.00 008.

  12. Kraska, James. “The Regimes of the Law of the Sea.” In Maritime Power and the Law of the Sea: Expeditionary Operations in World Politics, pp. 95-156. Oxford Academic, 2011. Accessed October 1, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9 780 199 773 381.003.0003.

  13. Lackenbauer, P. Whitney., and Huebert, Rob., eds. “An Important International Crossroads.” In (Re)Conceptualizing Arctic Security, pp. i-xviii. Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies, University of Calgary, 2017. Available on: Academia.edu.

  14. Mbiah, E.K. “Coastal, Flag and Port State Jurisdictions: Powers and Other Considerations Under UNCLOS.” In Maritime Law in Motion, pp. 495-523. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. Accessed September 30, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1007/978-3-030-31 749-2_23.

  15. Mcdorman, Ted L. eds., “Notes On The Historic Waters Regime And The Bay Of Fundy.” In The Future of Ocean Regime-Building, pp. 701-722. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2009. Accessed October 29, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/ej.9 789 004 172 678.i-786.173.

  16. Molenaar, E.J. “Status and Reform of International Arctic Shipping Law.” In Arctic Marine Governance, pp. 127-157. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. Accessed September 20, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1007/978-3-642-38 595-7_6.

  17. Molenaar, Erik J. “The Arctic, the Arctic Council, and the Law of the Sea.” In Governance of Arctic Shipping, pp. 24-67. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2017. Accessed September 28, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/9 789 004 339 385_003.

  18. Nordquist, Myron H., Shabtai, Rosenne., Yankov, Alexander., and R. Grandy, Neal. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: 1982: A Commentary. Volume IV Articles 192 to 278 Final Act Annex Vi. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991.

  19. Pastusiak, Tadeusz. “Introduction.” In The Northern Sea Route as a Shipping Lane, pp. 3-26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. Accessed September 13, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1007/978-3-319-41 834-6_1.

  20. Pelaudeix, C., Humrich, C., eds. “Global Conventions and Regional Cooperation: The Multifaceted Dynamics of Arctic Governance.” In Global Arctic, pp. 443-461. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. Accessed October 5, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1007/978-3-030-81 253-9_23.

  21. Pharand, Donat. “Reqirements of Historic Waters.” In Canada's Arctic Waters in International Law, pp. 97-105. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Accessed November 9, 2023. doi:10.1017/CBO9 780 511 565 458.011.

  22. Pharand, Donat. “The Basic Characteristics of Historic Waters.” In Canada's Arctic Waters in International Law, pp. 91-96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Accessed October 18, 2023. doi:10.1017/CBO9 780 511 565 458.010.

  23. Ringbom, Henrik, eds. Jurisdiction over Ships. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2015. Accessed September 4, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/9 789 004 303 508.

  24. Roach, J. Ashley. Excessive Maritime Claims. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2021. Accessed October 1, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/9 789 004 443 532.

  25. Shicun, Wu., and Zou, Keyuan. Arbitration Concerning the South China Sea: Philippines versus China. London, England: Routledge, 2016. Accessed November 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4324/9 781 315 567 488.

  26. Sorokina, Tatiana and Phalen, William. G. “Legal Problems of the Northern Sea Route Exploitation: Brief Analysis of the Legislation of the Russian Federation.” In International Marine Economy, pp. 99-120. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2017. Accessed September 24, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/9 789 004 323 445_004.

  27. Stoessel, Susanah., Tedsen, Elizabeth., Cavalieri, Sandra., and Riedel, Arne. “Environmental Governance in the Marine Arctic.” In Arctic Marine Governance, pp. 45–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. Accessed September 20, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1007/978-3-642-38 595-7_3.

  28. Symmons, Clive R. Historic Waters in the Law of the Sea. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2008. Accessed November 10, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9 789 004 163 508.i-322.6.

  29. Tanaka, Yoshifumi. “Navigational Rights and Freedoms.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea, pp. 536-558. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

  30. Tanaka, Yoshifumi. The International Law of the Sea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Accessed November 2, 2023. doi:10.1017/CBO9 780 511 844 478.

  31. Van Pay, Brian J. “National Maritime Claims In The Arctic.” In Changes in the Arctic Environment and the Law of the Sea, pp. 61-78. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2010. Accessed September 25, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/ej.9 789 004 177 567.i-594.17.

  32. Van Tran, Thuy. Freedom of Navigation in the Exclusive Economic Zone: An EU Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2022.

  33. Wani, Kentaro. “Navigational Rights and the Coastal State’s Jurisdiction in the Northern Sea Route.” In Peaceful Maritime Engagement in East Asia and the Pacific Region, pp. 266-273. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2022. Accessed September 14, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/9 789 004 518 629_018.

  34. Weidemann, Lilly. “International Governance of the Arctic Marine Environment.” In International Governance of the Arctic Marine Environment, pp. 43–195. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. September 30, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1007/978-3-319-04 471-2_3.

  35. Wolfrum, Rüdiger. “Freedom Of Navigation: New Challenges.” In Freedom of Seas, Passage Rights and the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention, pp. 79-101. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff, 2009. Accessed October 3, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/ej.9 789 004 173 590.i-624.31.

  36. Yang, Haijiang. Jurisdiction of the Coastal State over Foreign Merchant Ships in Internal Waters and the Territorial Sea. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. Accessed September 29, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33 192-1.

Journal articles

  1. Bai, Jiayu. “The IMO Polar Code: The Emerging Rules of Arctic Shipping Governance.” The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 30, 4 (2015): pp. 674-699. Accessed November 1, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/15 718 085-12 341 376.

  2. Bardin, Anne. “Coastal State's Jurisdiction over Foreign Vessels.” Pace International Law Review 14(1) (2002): pp. 28-75. Accessed September 20, 2023. https://doi.org/10.58 948/2331-3536.1188.

  3. Bartenstein, Kristin. “Navigating the Arctic: The Canadian NORDREG, the International Polar Code and Regional Cooperation.” German Yearbook of International Law 54 (2011): pp. 77-124.

  4. Bartenstein, Kristin. “The ‘Arctic Exception’ in the Law of the Sea Convention: A Contribution to Safer Navigation in the Northwest Passage?” Ocean Development and International Law 42 (1–2) (2011): pp. 22–52. Accessed November 1, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/00 908 320.2011.542 104.

  5. Becker. A., Michael. “Russia and the Arctic: Opportunities for Engagement within the Existing Legal Framework.” American University International Law Review 25, no. 2 (2010): pp. 225-250. Accessed October 6, 2023. Available on: Hein Online.

  6. Bekyashev, Damir K., Bekyashev, Kamil A., “The Trends in the Development of the Legal Regime of the Northern Sea Route.” Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Law 12 (2) (2021): pp. 276–295. Accessed November 3, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21 638/spbu14.2021.203.

  7. Blakkisrud, Helge. “Governing the Arctic: The Russian State Commission for Arctic Development and the Forging of a New Domestic Arctic Policy Agenda.” Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 10 (2019): pp. 190-216. Accessed November 4, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23 865/arctic.v10.1929.

  8. Chircop, Aldo. “Jurisdiction over Ice-Covered Areas and the Polar Code: An Emerging Symbiotic Relationship?” The Journal of International Maritime Law 22 (2016): pp. 275-290. Accessed October 20, 2023. Available on: Academia.edu.

  9. Dremliuga, Roman., Bartenstein, Kristin., and Prisekina, Natalia. “Regulation of Arctic Shipping in Canada and Russia.” Arctic review on law and politics 13 (2022): pp. 338-360. Accessed November 8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.23 865/arctic.v13.3229.

  10. Fahey, Sean. “Access Control: Freedom of the Seas in the Arctic and the Russian Northern Sea Route Regime.” Harvard National Security Journal 9, no. 2 (2018): pp. 154-200. Accessed November 24, 2023. Available on: Hein Online.

  11. Gavrilov, Viatcheslav. “Legal Status of the Northern Sea Route and Legislation of the Russian Federation: A Note.” Ocean Development and International Law 46 (3) (2015): pp. 256–263. Accessed November 1, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/00 908 320.2015.1 054 746.

  12. Gavrilov, Viatcheslav., Dremliuga, Roman., and Nurimbetov, Rustambek. “Article 234 of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and Reduction of Ice Cover in the Arctic Ocean.” Marine Policy 106 (103 518) (2019): pp. 1-6. Accessed October 30, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103 518.

  13. Gudev, P.A. “The Northern Sea Route: problems of national status legitimization under international law. Part I.” Arktika i Sever [Arctic and North] no. 40 (2020): pp. 116-135. Accessed October 2, 2023. DOI: 10.37 482/issn2221-2698.2020.40.

  14. Gunnarsson, Björn., and Moe, Arild. “Ten Years of International Shipping on the Northern Sea Route: Trends and Challenges.” Arctic Review on Law and Politics Vol. 12 (2021): pp. 4-30. Accessed November 10, 2023. https://doi.org/10.23 865/arctic.v12.2614.

  15. Handeland, Ingrid. “Navigational Rights for Warships in the Northwest and Northeast Passages.” Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 13 (2022): pp. 143-159. Accessed November 15, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23 865/arctic.v13.3383.

  16. Hartmann, Jacques. “Regulating Shipping in the Arctic Ocean: An Analysis of State Practice.” Ocean Development and International Law 49 (3) (2018): pp. 276–299. Accessed November 5, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/00 908 320.2018.1 479 352.

  17. Jacobsen, Marc., and Strandsbjerg, Jeppe. “Desecuritization As Displacement of Controversy: Geopolitics, Law and Sovereign Rights in the Arctic.” Politik 20 (3) (2017): pp. 15-30. Accessed October 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v20i3.97 151.

  18. Jensen, Øystein. “The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters: Finalization, Adoption and Law of the Sea Implications.” Arctic Review on Law and Politics 7, no. 1 (2016): pp. 60–82. Accessed October 17, 2023. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48 710 410.

  19. Koivurova, Timo. “The Actions of the Arctic States Respecting the Continental Shelf: A Reflective Essay.” Ocean Development & International Law, 42:3 (2011): pp. 211-226. Accessed November 7, 2023. DOI: 10.1080/00 908 320.2011.592 470

  20. Kumar, Manu. “Analysis of Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea under the Law of the Sea Regime 1982.” European Environmental Law Review 21 (6) (2012): pp. 306–315. Accessed October 26, 2023. https://doi.org/10.54 648/eelr2 012 024.

  21. Luttmann, Peter. “Ice-Covered Areas under the Law of the Sea Convention: How Extensive are Canada’s Coastal State Powers in the Arctic?” Ocean Yearbook Online 29, 1 (2015): pp. 85-124. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/22 116 001-02 901 006.

  22. McRae, D. M., Goundrey, D. J. “Environmental Jurisdiction in Arctic Waters: The Extent of Article 234.” Univeristy of British Columbia Law Review 16, no. 2 (1982): pp. 197-228. Accessed October 30, 2023. Available on: Hein Online.

  23. McRae, Donald. “Arctic sovereignty? What is at stake?” Behind the Headlines, vol. 64, no. 1, (2007): pp. 1-23. Accessed October 27, 2023. link.gale.com/apps/doc/A158 959 250/AONE?u=oslo&sid=bookmark AONE&xid=62a23 215.

  24. Mirasola, Christopher. “Historic Waters and Ancient Title: Outdated Doctrines for Establishing Maritime Sovereignty and Jurisdiction.” Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce 47, no. 1 (2016): pp. 29-76. Accessed November 13, 2023. Available on: Hein Online.

  25. Morgunov, B., Zhuravleva, I., Melnikov, B., “The Prospects of Evolution of the Baseline Systems in the Arctic.” Water 13, 1082 (2021): pp. 1-16. Accessed November 6, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13 081 082.

  26. Nikitina, Viktoriya. “The Arctic, Russia and Coercion of Navigation.” Arctic Yearbook (2021). Accessed October 27, 2023. Available on: https://arcticyearbook.com/arctic-yearbook/2021/2021-scholarly-papers/376-the-arctic-russia-and-coercion-of-navigation.

  27. Østreng, Willy. “The Northern Sea Route and Jurisdictional Controversy.” Ocean Futures (2010). Available on: http://www.arctis-search.com/tiki-index.php?page=Northern+Sea+Route+and+Jurisdictional+Controversy#32.

  28. Oxman, Bernard H. “Observations on Vessel Release under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.” International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 11, no. 2 (1996): pp. 201-216. Accessed November 1, 2023. Available on: Hein Online.

  29. Pedrozo, Pete. “Maintaining Freedom of Navigation and Overflight in the Exclusive Economic Zone and on the High Seas.” Indonesian Journal of International Law 17 (4) (2020): pp. 477-494. Accessed October 19, 2023. https://doi.org/10.17 304/ijil.vol17.4.796.

  30. Pharand, Donat. “The Arctic Waters and the Northwest Passage: A Final Revisit.” Ocean Development and International Law 38 (1–2) (2007): pp. 3–69. Accessed September 15, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/00 908 320 601 071 314.

  31. Rossi, Christopher R. “The Northern Sea Route and the Seaward Extension of Uti Possidetis (Juris).” Nordic Journal of International Law 83, 4 (2014): pp. 476-508. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/15 718 107-08 304 004.

  32. Singh, Krittika., and Koivurova, Timo. “The South China Sea Award: Prompting a Revived Interest in the Validity of Canada’s Historic Internal Waters Claim?” The Yearbook of Polar Law Online 10, 1 (2019): pp. 386-412. Accessed November 10, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1163/22 116 427_010 010 017.

  33. Solski, J.J. “The Northern Sea Route in the 2010s: Development and Implementation of Relevant Law.” Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 11 (2020): pp. 383–410. Accessed on September 29, 2023. https://doi.org/10.23 865/arctic.v11.2374.

  34. Solski, Jan Jakub. “Northern Sea Route Permit Scheme: Does Article 234 of UNCLOS Allow Prior Authorization?” Ocean Yearbook Online 35, 1 (2021): pp. 443-472. Accessed October 4, 2023. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uio.no/10.1163/22 116 001_03 501 014.

  35. Solski, Jan Jakub. “The ‘Due Regard’ of Article 234 of UNCLOS: Lessons from Regulating Innocent Passage in the Territorial Sea.” Ocean Development and International Law 52 (4) (2021): pp. 398–418. Accessed October 29, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/00 908 320.2021.1 991 866.

  36. Spadi, Fabio. “Navigation in Marine Protected Areas: National and International Law.” Ocean Development and International Law 31 (3) (2000): pp. 285-302. Accessed November 4, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/009 083 200 413 172.

  37. Todorov, Andrey А. “The Russia-USA legal dispute over the straits of the Northern Sea Route and similar case of the Northwest Passage.” Arktika i Sever [Arctic and North] no. 29 (2017): pp. 74-89. Accessed September 4, 2023. DOI:10.17 238/issn2221-2698.2017.29.74.

  38. Verny, Jerome., and Grigentin, Christophe. “Container shipping on the Northern Sea Route.” International Journal of Production Economics 122 (2009): pp. 107-117. Accessed October 16, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.03.018.

  39. Vylegzhanin, A. N., Nazarov, V.P., and Bunik, I.V. “Northern Sea Route: towards solution of political and legal problems.” Vestnik Rossijskoj akademii nauk 90 (12) (2020): pp. 1105–1118. Accessed October 3, 2023. DOI: 10.31 857/S0 869 587 320 120 270.

  40. Vylegzhanin, Alexander., Bunik, Ivan., Torkunova, Ekaterina., and Kienko, Elena. “Navigation in the Northern Sea Route: Interaction of Russian and International Applicable Law.” The Polar Journal 10 (2) (2020): pp. 285–302. Accessed October 30, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/2 154 896x.2020.1 844 404.

Websites

  1. Lepic, Bojan. “Milestones Reached along the Increasingly Busy Northern Sea Route.” Splash247, September 18, 2023. Available on: https://splash247.com/milestones-reached-along-the-increasingly-busy-northern-sea-route/. Accessed October 15, 2023.

  2. National Snow and Ice Data Centre. “Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis.” Available on: https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/. Accessed November 24, 2023.

  3. Northern Sea Route Administration. “Urgent information: Non-compliant vessels.” Available on: http://www.nsra.ru/en/rassmotrenie_zayavleniy/otkazu.html?year=2013. Accessed November 1, 2023.

Official documents, papers, reports and other

  1. Akimova, Irina Andreevna. Environmental risks of transporting international transit cargo along the Northern Sea Route (Master Thesis). Saint Petersburg, 2016. Accessed November 24, 2023. Available on: http://elib.rshu.ru/files_books/pdf/rid_44ae048fc0c34c899a0d1c8e1df0bbd6.pdf.

  2. Black’s Law Dictionary. Accessed October 25, 2023. Available on: https://thelawdictionary.org/.

  3. Buchanan, Elizabeth. “The overhaul of Russian strategic planning for the Arctic Zone to 2035: Document Review.” Russian Studies Series 3/20 (2020). Accessed October 30, 2023. Available on: https://www.ndc.nato.int/research/research.php?icode=641#_edn1.

  4. Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Limits in the Seas: United States Responses to Excessive National Maritime Claims. No. 112, March 9, 1992. Accessed November 2, 2023. Available on: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/LIS-112.pdf.

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  6. Davis, Anna., and Vest, Ryan. “Foundations of the Russian Federation State Policy in the Arctic for the Period up to 2035.” RMSI Research (5) (2020). Accessed November 3, 2023. Available on: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/rmsi_research/5.

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